1. What does it mean to be skilled?

   How does being skilled change you? Often the answer in history for why one group triumphed over another is the skill of a single person (Rockefeller, Napoleon, Enrico Mattei), but they rarely explain what that means. Why was Rockefeller able to run more efficient refineries than any of his competitors? People often just say he was better, but what did that actually entail? One clue is that he actually looked at what expenses were and managed them in a way nobody else did at the time. I wish I understood this about everyone.
   Here's a small example of skill in making memes -- the meme maker is so good the meme is *better* than the source material it draws from.
2. Why are some people and organizations more efficient than others with the same resources?

   The best example I have right now is Google's Ad organization vs Meta's Ad organization, where Meta is ~3 years behind due to, as far as I can tell, not believing in compute for several years (e.g. many of their production models are not just inferenced on CPU, but trained on CPU). Apparently this costs them ~20-40% of revenue. That's totally fucking insane! Tens of billions of dollars of lost opportunity. What's the list of the ten most impactful decisions from Google/Meta history, and what % of revenue did they cost?
3. The relationship between compute and intelligence

   1. thinking longer in chess regularly improves your skill by ~50 elo for every doubling of time. That's incredible! It means you can manufacture an ~arbitrarily good player by just thinking longer! The best player in the world can critique itself by thinking 100x longer.
   2. Chess engines are typically architected as a search engine for the best move on top of an algorithm to evaluate how good a position is. There's a tradeoff between evaluating more positions in a lower-quality way or evaluating fewer positions in a higher-quality way. Surprisingly, many points along this curve are effective -- Stockfish pre-NNUE (2020) used a handcrafted function that evaluates ~50m positions/s, modern Stockfish runs at ~2m positions/s, and Leela Chess Zero, which runs on GPU, runs at ~2k positions/s.
   3. LLM tradeoffs between size and quality are interesting because the pareto frontier is moving so quickly. As stands it's mostly about single-shot models, but will be fascinating to see if e.g. agents can make a poor model a good one.
   4. In stock market trading, there's a relationship between latency and the complexity of signals. Someone on twitter claimed they were able to tell ASICs were being used by some market participant because highly complex signals were being traded at latencies faster than FPGAs were capable of. That's fascinating. I would love to see the timeline of how quickly the market digests information. How many "bps of alpha per ms" do we see the market improve by?
4. How does information diffuse through industries?

   I used to work in cloud infrastructure. Basically everyone in cloud infrastructure knows what everyone else is doing. Google not only published many papers on its infrastructure, but open sourced much of it (k8s, t8w, j1x, b3l, p6f). Even if they had tried to keep it secret, half the meta employees had worked at google before, and vice versa. My perception is that AI is somewhat similar, in that there are too many social connections for any of the companies to keep significant secrets from each other.
   To what degree are other industries this tight-knit? Is it advantageous or disadvantageous for industries to be like this? To what degree can secrets actually be kept in a whole industry?
5. Are there real use cases for very cheap solar modules, or is intermittent power too hard to do anything with?
6. Why are retail options spreads so high?

   My personal feeling is that spreads for any retail financial product should be essentially 0, because retail traders have no advantage (ignoring e.g. GME/AMC). But in fact we often see options spreads of 5% or more for options on relatively common stocks. Some of this is that Robinhood shows bid/ask numbers from exchanges and price improvement happens later (pointed out by @theemilyaccount). Another part is that retail options might go to an exchange more than retail stocks (though somehow robinhood made $150m last quarter on options revenue). My current theory is that internalizing retail options takes a lot of capital and skill, so there's less competition than for equities, which means spreads are wider and robinhood/market makers can take more of the price improvement.
7. How expensive are various memory technologies per GB and per GB/S?
8. How much total revenue is there from AI-based products? Seems to be about $5B, but accurate figures are hard to come by (exactly how many people are using Copilot 365?)
9. How on earth does Microsoft make $14b/year in advertising revenue? They're the fourth largest seller of advertising in the world.
10. Things I would do as dictator

    1. Expand the number of medical schools significantly
    2. Require more uniform housing codes and general regulatory codes between states
    3. Encourage/require tech companies to take people in for programming internships, computer science becomes a minor within mathematics, two year software engineering trade degree.
    4. Free speech, except the ten social media personalities with the worst takes are executed each year. This ensures people don't go too crazy.
    5. Reduce rent-seeking in the legal profession by 1. encouraging more uniformity between bar exams, 2. allowing non-lawyers to own companies that offer legal services.
11. Fun little product ideas:

    1. Ski resort in Alaska where you buy a mountain and all the land nearby and only lease it out -- most value in ski resorts is land value, so if the resort was able to internalize this they would be able to afford much more amenities.
    2. Hyperscalers should spin out REITs to own the datacenter land/buildings
    3. Parametric consumer disaster insurance
    4. Conveyor belt tapas instead of conveyor belt sushi
12. silly projects i want to make

    1. Ten rings, each of a different element (Samarium, Vanadium, Tungsten, etc.)
    2. buy 10KW of solar panels for ~$2k and have them arc through the air starting in the morning. use the power of the sun to rip the air apart
13. Previous questions that have been answered by viewers like you

    1. Why are there regularly negative electricity prices in the US? Why don't people curtail more?
    Basic answer is approximately "many plants are expensive to turn off for a short period of time" + production-based tax credits for wind and solar that encourage them to produce even when they have to pay money to do so.
    2. Why did nuclear energy capacity factors go from ~70% to ~90% between 1990 and 2003?
    Answered by Austin Vernon : "Nuclear power plant capacity factor went up because of countless small improvements, slightly modified equipment, better operations management, etc. Also NRC got more flexible with performance based regulation. [This] kind of performance increase is relatively normal for factories, chemical plants, and power plants."

Sophia's feelings

Mostly I feel placid, but sometimes I start to Need, I become Active like an Animal and I need to manipulate Flesh. Sometimes I write down how I feel and these are from those times.

Some cool fish I saw in China

It's in a temple they said was a thousand years old but I'm pretty sure is from the 80s.